Mining Nontraditional Water Sources for a Distributed Hydrogen Economy (2025)

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      Mining Nontraditional Water Sources for a Distributed Hydrogen Economy (1)

      Author(s):

      Lea R. Winter ,

      Nathanial J. Cooper ,

      Boreum Lee ,

      Sohum K. Patel ,

      Li Wang ,

      Menachem Elimelech

      Publication date (Electronic): 13 July 2022

      Journal:

      Publisher: American Chemical Society

      Keywords: Green hydrogen, hydrogen economy, water electrolysis, nontraditional water sources, water treatment, techno-economic analysis

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          Abstract

          Mining Nontraditional Water Sources for a Distributed Hydrogen Economy (2)

          Securing decarbonized economies for energy and commodities will require abundant and widely available green H 2. Ubiquitous wastewaters and nontraditional water sources could potentially feed water electrolyzers to produce this green hydrogen without competing with drinking water sources. Herein, we show that the energy and costs of treating nontraditional water sources such as municipal wastewater, industrial and resource extraction wastewater, and seawater are negligible with respect to those for water electrolysis. We also illustrate that the potential hydrogen energy that could be mined from these sources is vast. Based on these findings, we evaluate the implications of small-scale, distributed water electrolysis using disperse nontraditional water sources. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle analysis reveal that the significant contribution of H 2 transportation to costs and CO 2 emissions results in an optimal levelized cost of hydrogen at small- to moderate-scale water electrolyzer size. The implications of utilizing nontraditional water sources and decentralized or stranded renewable energy for distributed water electrolysis are highlighted for several hydrogen energy storage and chemical feedstock applications. Finally, we discuss challenges and opportunities for mining H 2 from nontraditional water sources to achieve resilient and sustainable economies for water and energy.

          Abstract

          Given the relatively insignificant cost of water treatment, utilization of nontraditional water sources could enable distributed water electrolysis to reduce the significant costs and CO 2 emissions associated with hydrogen transportation, advancing the transition to sustainable sourcing of energy and chemical feedstocks.

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          Hydrology

          Most cited references42

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          Li-ion battery materials: present and future

          Naoki Nitta, Feixiang Wu, Jung-Tae Lee (2015)

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            The future of seawater desalination: energy, technology, and the environment.

            Menachem Elimelech, William Phillip (2011)

            In recent years, numerous large-scale seawater desalination plants have been built in water-stressed countries to augment available water resources, and construction of new desalination plants is expected to increase in the near future. Despite major advancements in desalination technologies, seawater desalination is still more energy intensive compared to conventional technologies for the treatment of fresh water. There are also concerns about the potential environmental impacts of large-scale seawater desalination plants. Here, we review the possible reductions in energy demand by state-of-the-art seawater desalination technologies, the potential role of advanced materials and innovative technologies in improving performance, and the sustainability of desalination as a technological solution to global water shortages.

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              Catalytic reduction of CO2 by H2 for synthesis of CO, methanol and hydrocarbons: challenges and opportunities

              Marc Porosoff, Binhang Yan, Jingguang G Chen (2016)

              Controlling the catalytic reduction of CO 2 by H 2 to produce CO, methanol or hydrocarbons requires stabilization of key reaction intermediates. Ocean acidification and climate change are expected to be two of the most difficult scientific challenges of the 21st century. Converting CO 2 into valuable chemicals and fuels is one of the most practical routes for reducing CO 2 emissions while fossil fuels continue to dominate the energy sector. Reducing CO 2 by H 2 using heterogeneous catalysis has been studied extensively, but there are still significant challenges in developing active, selective and stable catalysts suitable for large-scale commercialization. The catalytic reduction of CO 2 by H 2 can lead to the formation of three types of products: CO through the reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) reaction, methanol via selective hydrogenation, and hydrocarbons through combination of CO 2 reduction with Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reactions. Investigations into these routes reveal that the stabilization of key reaction intermediates is critically important for controlling catalytic selectivity. Furthermore, viability of these processes is contingent on the development of a CO 2 -free H 2 source on a large enough scale to significantly reduce CO 2 emissions.

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                Author and article information

                Journal

                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Sci Technol

                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ Sci Technol

                Journal ID (publisher-id): es

                Journal ID (coden): esthag

                Title: Environmental Science & Technology

                Publisher: American Chemical Society

                ISSN (Print): 0013-936X

                ISSN (Electronic): 1520-5851

                Publication date (Electronic): 13 July 2022

                Publication date (Print): 02 August 2022

                Volume: 56

                Issue: 15

                Pages: 10577-10585

                Affiliations

                [1]Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States

                Author notes

                [* ]Email: lea.winter@ 123456yale.edu . Phone: +1 (203) 432-2219.

                Author information
                Article

                DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02439

                PMC ID: 9352313

                PubMed ID: 35829620

                SO-VID: 6df5fe53-295e-4f94-b100-bad5ed5bf6ce

                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

                License:

                Permits non-commercial access and re-use, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained; but does not permit creation of adaptations or other derivative works ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Funding

                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;

                Award ID: EEC-1449500

                Funded by: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, doi 10.13039/100006134;

                Award ID: DE-FOA-0001905

                Funded by: American Society for Engineering Education, doi 10.13039/100000850;

                Award ID: EEC-2127509

                Categories

                Subject: Perspective

                Custom metadata

                document-id-old-9 es2c02439

                document-id-new-14 es2c02439

                ccc-price


                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science

                Keywords: green hydrogen,hydrogen economy,water electrolysis,nontraditional water sources,water treatment,techno-economic analysis

                Data availability:

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science

                Keywords: green hydrogen, hydrogen economy, water electrolysis, nontraditional water sources, water treatment, techno-economic analysis

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